Beef Cattle Were Introduced in America by Who
Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat product (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is mostly known as beef. In beef product there are three primary stages: cow-dogie operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. The product bike of the animals first at moo-cow-calf operations; this operation is designed specifically to breed cows for their offspring. From here the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals non grown for a feedlot are typically female and are unremarkably known every bit replacement heifers. While the master use of beefiness cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and beefiness by-products used in candy, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin.
Calving and breeding [edit]
Besides breeding to come across the need for beef production, owners also use selective breeding to attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An instance of a desired trait could be leaner meat[1] or resistance to illness.[2] Breeds known every bit dual-purpose are as well used for beef production. These breeds have been selected for ii purposes at once, such as both beef and dairy production, or both beef and draught. Dual-purpose breeds include many of the Zebu breeds of India such as Tharparkar and Ongole Cattle. There are multiple continental breeds that were bred for this purpose too. The original Simmental/Fleckvieh from Switzerland is a prime example. Not only are they a dual-purpose brood for beef and dairy, but in the past they were also used for draught. All the same, throughout the generations, the breed has diverged into two groups through selective breeding.[3]
Almost beef cattle are mated naturally, whereby a bull is released into a cowherd approximately 55 days after the calving period, depending on the cows' body condition score (BCS). If information technology was a cow'due south first time calving, she volition take longer to re-breed by at least ten days.[4] Even so, beef cattle can as well exist bred through artificial insemination,[1] depending on the moo-cow and the size of the herd. Cattle are normally bred during the summer so that calving may occur the following jump.[ane] However, cattle breeding can occur at other times of twelvemonth. Depending on the performance, calving may occur all twelvemonth round. Owners tin select the breeding time based on a number of factors, including reproductive operation, seasonal cattle pricing and handling facilities.[1]
There are many factors that come up into play when selecting for a bull. Some of the most important factors are disease prevention/spread. Buying a bull who hasn't been tested for common diseases is a risk, information technology would more than probable transmit to a whole herd. Purchasing genetics that will better the original herd rather than remaining the same or decreasing. Some breed for mothering abilities, some for size, some for meat properties, etc. Breeding Soundness Test or BSE are essential to the quality of whatever bull, a general physical exam and inspection of both the genital organs and their productivity.[v] Knowing more information about the animal will help brand an educated decision.
Cattle maintenance [edit]
Cattle handlers are expected to maintain a low stress environment for their herds, involving constant safety, wellness, comfort, nourishment and humane treatment. According to the Canadian National Farm Beast Care Council, beef cattle must have access to shelter from extreme weather, safe handling and equipment, veterinary care and humane slaughter.[6] If an beast is infected or suspected to take an illness, it is the responsibleness of the owners to study it immediately to a practicing veterinarian for either treatment or euthanasia.[7] Depending on a multitude of factors (flavor, type of product organization, stocking density, etc.), illness and disease can spread quickly through the herd from animal to animal.[8] Owners are expected to monitor their cattle's status regularly for early on detection and treatment, as some cattle illnesses can threaten both cattle and homo health (known as zoonotic)[6] as witnessed with Mad cow disease and Tuberculosis.
On average, cattle volition consume ane.4 to 4% of their torso weight daily.[9] There are a range of types of feed available for these animals. The standard text in the United states, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, has been through eight editions over at to the lowest degree seventy years.[10] The 1996 7th edition substituted the concept of metabolizeable protein for the sixth edition's crude protein.[11] [12] In the 20th century, Canadian practise followed the American guidance.[13] Already in 1970, the Nutrient and Drug Assistants was regulating pharmaceutical supplements in beefiness cattle feed such equally hormones and safety antibiotics.[xiv]
Some animals live on pasture their entire lives and therefore only experience fresh grass, these are typically moo-cow-calf operations in more tropical climates. Backgrounded calves and feedlot animals tend to have different diets that contain more than grain than the pasture blazon. Grain is more than expensive than pasture but the animals grow faster with the higher protein levels. Since cattle are herbivores and need roughage in their diet, silage, hay and/or haylage are all viable feed options.[15] Despite this three/quaternary of the 32 pounds (14.52 kg) of feed cattle consume each day will be corn.[16] Cattle weighing 1000 lbs. will drink an average of 41 Fifty a mean solar day, and approximately 82 L in hot conditions.[17] They need a constant supply of adept quality feed and potable water co-ordinate to the five Freedoms of Brute Welfare.[18]
Most Beef cattle are finished in feedlots. The starting time feedlots were constructed in the early 1950s. Some of these feedlots grew and then big they warranted a new designation, "Concentrated Animal Feeding Functioning" (CAFO). Near American beefiness cattle spend the concluding half of their lives in a CAFO.[sixteen]
Cattle processing [edit]
A steer that weighs 1,000 lb (450 kg) when alive makes a carcass weighing approximately 615 lb (280 kg), once the claret, head, feet, skin, offal and guts are removed. The carcass is and so hung in a cold room for between i and four weeks, during which time information technology loses some weight as water dries from the meat. It is then deboned and cut by a butcher or packing house, the carcass would brand virtually 430 lb (200 kg) of beef.[19] Depending on what cuts of meat are desired, in that location is a calibration of marbled meat used to determine the quality. Marbling is the fatty that is within the muscle, non around it. The more marbled a cut is, the higher it will class and exist worth more than.[20]
Slaughtering of livestock has iii distinct stages: preslaughter handling, stunning and slaughtering. The biggest concern is preslaughter treatment, how the animal is treated earlier information technology is stunned and slaughtered. Stress at this time tin can crusade adverse furnishings on the meat, water access and lower stocking densities have been immune to minimize this. Even so, access to feed is restricted for 12–24 hours prior to slaughtering for ease of evisceration. Stunning is done when the animal is restrained in a chute and so motility is limited. One time restrained the animal can be stunned in one of three methods: penetrating captive bolt, not-penetrating convict commodities and gunshot. Most abattoirs use convict bolts over guns. Stunning ensures the fauna feels no hurting during slaughtering and reduces the animals stress, therefore increasing the quality of meat. The concluding pace is slaughtering, typically the animal will be hung past its dorsum leg and its throat will be slit to allow exsanguination. The hide will be removed for further processing at this point and the animal will be broken down with evisceration and decapitation. The carcass will exist placed in a cooler for 24–48 hours prior to meat cutting.[21]
Breeds [edit]
| Brood | Origin | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Adaptaur | Australia | A tropically adapted Bos taurus breed, developed from crosses between Herefords and Shorthorns. |
| Afrikaner cattle | South Africa | Afrikaners are normally deep carmine or black with long spreading horns. They have the small cervico-thoracic hump typical of Sanga cattle. |
| Aberdeen Angus | Scotland | Pure black, sometimes with white at udder. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Australian Braford | Australia | Developed for resistance to ticks and for oestrus tolerance by crossing Brahmans and Herefords. |
| Australian Brangus | Australia | Polled breed developed by crossing Angus and Brahman |
| Australian Charbray | Australia | Developed by crossing Charolais and Brahman and selected for resistance to heat, humidity, parasites and diseases. |
| Barzona | United States (Arizona) | Developed in the high desert, inter-mount region of Arizona. |
| Beefalo | United states of america | Hybrid betwixt a cow and an American bison. |
| Beef Shorthorn | England and Scotland | Suitable for both dairy and beef. |
| Beefmaster | United states of america (Texas) | Developed past breeding the Brahman, Shorthorn, and Hereford. |
| Belgian Blueish | Kingdom of belgium | Grey roan, or white with grey on head. Extremely muscular (double muscled). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Belmont Blood-red | Australia | A blended brood using Africander (African Sanga) and Hereford-Shorthorn |
| Belted Galloway | Scotland | Blackness with white band around middle, stocky, adequately long hair, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Blackness Hereford | Bully Britain | A crossbreed produced by crossing a Hereford bull with Holstein or Friesian cows; used to obtain beefiness offspring from dairy cows. Non maintained as a separate breed, although females may be used for further breeding with other beef bulls. |
| Blonde d'Aquitaine | French republic | Stake chocolate-brown, paler round eyes and nose. Muscular. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Bonsmara | South Africa | Adult from 10/sixteen Afrikaner, 3/xvi Hereford and three/16 Shorthorn cattle. |
| Boran | East Africa (Ethiopia-Kenya) | Usually white, with the bulls being darker (sometimes near black). |
| Brahman | India | Large, pendulous ears and dewlaps, hump over the shoulders. |
| Brangus | United States | Developed past crossing Angus and Brahman. |
| British White | Neat Britain | White body, with black (or sometimes red) ears, nose and feet; polled (hornless). Hardy and thrifty. |
| Caracu | Brazil | |
| Charolais | France | Wholly white or cream, lyre-shaped pale horns, or polled. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Chianina | Italy | Dual-purpose, originally large draft breed, later selected for beefiness. |
| Corriente | Mexico | Hardy, small, able-bodied, criollo-type, descended from Iberian cattle. Used in rodeo sports, noted for lean meat. Brusk horns, various colors, ofttimes spotted. Too called Criollo or Chinampo. |
| Crioulo Lageano | Iberian Peninsula | 400-year-old longhorn brood with around 700 individuals that live close to the plateau of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. |
| Dairy Shorthorn | United Kingdom | Suitable for both dairy and beef. |
| Dexter | Ireland | Very small, black or dun, nighttime horns. Sometimes has a dwarfing cistron, leading to very curt legs. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Droughtmaster | Australia | Adult past crossing Brahman cattle with taurine breeds, especially the Beefiness Shorthorn. Tolerant of rut and ticks. |
| English Longhorn | England | Blood-red or brindle, with white back and abdomen. Very long cylindrical horns ordinarily spreading sideways or downward, often curving and even eventually making a circle. Medium size, hardy. |
| Fleckvieh | Switzerland | Red pied or solid red, polled or horned. Sturdy dual-purpose for beef and dairy. Formerly triple-purpose (beef, dairy and draught). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Florida Cracker cattle | The states | Small, criollo-type descended from cattle brought to the Southern U.S. by the Castilian conquistadors. Adapted to subtropical climate, parasite-resistant. An endangered breed. |
| Galloway | Scotland | Black, stocky, adequately long hair, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Gascon cattle | French republic | Grayness, hardy, maternal breed. Good growth and conformation of calves. Suitable for all farming systems, bred pure or crossed with a terminal sire. |
| Gelbvieh | Germany | Red, stiff peel pigmentation, polled. Superior fertility, calving ease, mothering ability, and growth rate of calves.[22] |
| Hanwoo | Korea | |
| Hérens | Switzerland | |
| Hereford | England | Red, white head, white finching on neck, and white switch. |
| Highland | Scotland | Minor, stocky; black, carmine, dun or white. Very long coat and very long stake horns, upswept in cows and steers. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Hungarian Grey | Hungary | Robust, like shooting fish in a barrel-calving and long-lived. Horns long, curved and directed upward. Slender and alpine. Well-adapted to extensive pasture systems. |
| Irish gaelic Moiled | Republic of ireland | Red with white back and belly, or white with red ears, nose and feet. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Jabres | Central Java, Indonesia | Colors varied from light brown to dark brown with a blackness stripe spans from back to tail. |
| Japanese Shorthorn | Japan | A breed of small beefiness cattle. |
| Limousin | Limousin and Marche regions of France | Mid-brown, paler round eyes and olfactory organ. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Lincoln Red | England | |
| Lowline | Australia | Adult by selectively breeding pocket-size Angus cattle. |
| Luing | Luing and surrounding Inner Hebrides, Scotland | Rough coat, ruby-red-brownish, polled. Bred past crossing Beef Shorthorn with Highland. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Madurese | Eastward Java, Indonesia | Minor body, brusque legs, blood-red yellow hair. |
| Maine-Anjou | Anjou region in France | Red-and-white pied, polled, fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Mocho Nacional | Brazil | Polled |
| Murray Greyness | South Eastern Australia | Grey or silverish polled cattle developed from a roan Shorthorn cow and an Angus bull. Piece of cake-intendance versatile cattle that take been exported to many countries. |
| Nelore | India | Exported to Brazil, where information technology has become a dominant breed. |
| Nguni | S Africa | Extremely hardy brood adult by the Nguni tribes for harsh African conditions. Originally derived from the African Sanga cattle, although quite distinct. Three subgroups are recognized: Makhatini, Swazi and Pedi. |
| Due north Devon | Devon, Cornwall and Somerset, England | Scarlet-red, white tail switch, white horns. |
| Piedmontese | Piedmont, Italy | Bred both for beef and dairy product; double-muscled. White-coloured and possessing myostatin genes. |
| Pineywoods | Gulf Coast, United states of america | Landrace heritage endangered breed, lean, minor, adapted to climate of the Deep South, disease-resistant. Brusque horns, various colors, often spotted. |
| Pinzgauer | Republic of austria | Indigenous to the Pinz Valley. Dairy cattle in Europe, but well-adapted to drier landscapes of the Us, Commonwealth of australia and Due south Africa, where they are kept for beefiness production. Solid red with very distinctive white blaze from wither, down to tail tip and underside. |
| Crimson Angus | Australia, United States | Colour multifariousness of Angus in some countries: solid red. Polled. |
| Red Poll | East Anglia in England | Ruby-red with white switch, polled (hornless), dual-purpose. |
| Red Sindhi | Sindh in Pakistan | Ruby-red Sindhi cattle are the most popular of all zebu dairy breeds. In Pakistan, they are kept for beefiness production or dairy farming. |
| Romagnola | Italy | Bred primarily for beef production; oftentimes used as draught beasts in the past. White or grey with black pigmented pare and upwardly curving horns. |
| Romosinuano | Republic of colombia | |
| Rubia Gallega | Spain | A brood of cattle native to the autonomous community of Galicia in north-western Spain. It is raised mainly for meat. It is distributed throughout Galicia, with most 75% of the population full-bodied in the province of Lugo. The coat may be cerise-blond, wheaten, or cinnamon-coloured. |
| Salers | French republic | Red. Hardy, easy calving. |
| Santa Gertrudis | Southern Texas, US | Developed past crossing red Shorthorn and Brahman. |
| Simmental | Western Switzerland | Yellowish-brown, white head. Fast-growing if well-fed. Triple-purpose (beef, dairy and draught). |
| Shorthorn/Beefiness Shorthorn | Northern England | Cherry, red with white dorsum and belly, or white. |
| Foursquare Meater | New South Wales, Commonwealth of australia | Small, gray or silver, polled; similar to Murray Grey. |
| Sussex | South-east England | Rich anecdote cerise with white tail switch and white horns. Also used for draught until the early 20th century. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Tabapuan | Brazil | |
| Tajima | Japan | Black Wagyu bred for internationally renowned beefiness such as Kobe and Matsuzaka. |
| Texas Longhorn | Usa | Various colours, with very long, tapering, upswept horns – extending as much as 80 inches (two.0 g) tip to tip. Very hardy in dry climates. Low-cal-muscled, and so bulls often used for first-calf heifers. |
| Wagyū | Japan | Black, horned, and noted for heavy marbling (intramuscular fat deposition). |
| Welsh Black | Wales | Blackness, white upswept horns with black tips. Hardy. |
| White Park | Britain, Republic of ireland | White, with blackness (or sometimes red) ears, nose and feet; white horns with night tips. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Żubroń | Poland | Hybrid between a cow and a European bison. |
Meet too [edit]
- Conjugated linoleic acid
- List of cattle breeds
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d "Beef Production". University of Guelph, Animal Sciences. Retrieved Apr 6, 2013.
- ^ "Beef Research Schoolhouse: What'southward the Latest Research on Antimicrobial Resistance?". RealAgricultureOnline. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "The History of Fleckvieh Dual Purpose Cattle". Better Dairy Cow. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "Meaning cows, timing of pregnancy, open cows, pregnancy rate". University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Institute of Agronomics and Natural Resources. Retrieved February one, 2018.
- ^ "Overview of Convenance Soundness Examination of the Male". Merck Manual Veterinary Transmission. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ a b "Recommended lawmaking of practice for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef cattle" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ Eadie, Jim (May 16, 2017). "Lawmaking of Do for the Care and Handling of Beef Cattle". Beefiness Producer. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ "Code of practise for the care and handling of beef cattle: Review of scientific inquiry on priority issues" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "How much feed will my cow eat". Ministry of Agriculture Alberta. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ nap.edu: "Nutrient Requirements of Beefiness Cattle 8th Revised Edition (2016)"
- ^ uaex.edu: "Beef cattle nutrition series - Part 3: Nutrient Requirement Tables", University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture publication MP391
- ^ National Enquiry Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Diet: "Food requirements of beef cattle, 6th revised edition 1984"
- ^ www.carc-crac.ca: "Recommended lawmaking of practice for the care and handling of subcontract animals: Beef Cattle", p.2 of the 1991 edition
- ^ [https://archive.org/details/beefcattlefeedin1025weic/folio/8 Weichenthal, B. A; Russell, H. K (1970): "Beefiness cattle feeding suggestions : nutrient requirements, balancing rations, protein supplements, suggested rations" Urbana, IL : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service
- ^ "Feeding Beef Cattle: Tips for a Healthy, Pasture-Based Diet". Female parent World News. Retrieved Feb 1, 2018.
- ^ a b Pollan, Michael (2006). The Omnivores Dilemma. Penguin.
- ^ "Beef Cattle: The codes of practice" (PDF). Agronomics Canada. Retrieved Apr 6, 2013.
- ^ "5 Freedoms of Fauna Welfare". Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Retrieved February ane, 2018.
- ^ "1000 lb. steer to 610 lbs. beef". Oklahoma Food Safety Division. Retrieved April six, 2013.
- ^ "What is Marbling in Meat?". The Bandbox. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ "Meat processing - Livestock slaughter procedures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ "Breeds of Livestock". Gelbvieh. Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved Nov eleven, 2008.
External links [edit]
- Oklahoma State University pages about cattle breeds.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_cattle